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Place of sociology in the system of social sciences
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Sociology differs from natural sciences like biology, physics or chemistry, on the one hand, and from humanitarian sciences like literature, music, arts, on the other hand. It is placed among social sciences such as anthropology, history, economics and politology because being a social science sociology deals with human behaviour. However, each of social science has its own view on things and differs from others.
Of enumerated sciences anthropology and sociology have a greater common area of research. Their main difference is in the fact that anthropologists confess a historic approach to the way of life of small before-writing societies but their conceptions and methods can also be applied to more complicated urban societies. The priceless contribution made by anthropology lies in the concept of “culture” that is of great importance for sociology as well because it helps students to avoid ethnocentrism – a habit to think only in terms of ideas, beliefs and values of one’s own group.
If anthropology helps to avoid ethnocentrism, history helps to get rid of technocentrism. Technocentrism means considering one’s own country or one’s own epoch as a centre of sociological comprehension of the world or as a focus which other historic periods are bound to. Both a sociologist and a historian dig up a significant amount of data in history. But unlike a sociologist, a historian can’t apply research methods and techniques used by other social sciences (such as interview, questionnaire, experiment etc.) because he deals with past behaviour and unique phenomena.
Psychology studies human behaviour as well but it focuses on a separate individual. In social psychology as a branch located partially in sociology and partially in psychology the object of research is an individual in the group. One of the central concepts of this science is the concept of “self” that defines personality socialized by a human group.
Politology tries to clear out how man governs himself. It focuses on formal political organizations and poltical behaviour formed and determined by such organizations. It also focuses on cultural beliefs, governmental philosophy, and on the society’s social structure on the whole. As for political sociology, it deals with this very behaviour but considered it from the sociological point of view.
Finally, if economics studies laws of economic development, economic sociology studies how man makes use of his own environment for production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
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