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Sociology as a social science gives us humanitarian knowledge – knowledge about relationships between a human and society. The need of such knowledge appears when people start to realize that most problems such as equality and inequality, war and peace, justice and injustice etc. are determined by the character of relationships between people, their ability and skills to live together in a community, share common principles and norms and use them in everyday life.
Sociological thought traces its origin to the ancient times. With emerging of statehood, people tried to explain why ones should manage, others – obey, ones are rich, others – poor etc. Such explanations didn’t objectively learn and interpret social problems because they were worked out mainly on religious or ideological basis. But at the same time they caused ideological struggle of social and philosophic trends and stimulated looking for new ways of objective scientific learning of human relations.
At the Renaissance period, social problems were given a greater interest that resulted in carrying out numerous investigations. In the XIX century rapid political, social and cultural transformations which embraced almost all civilized countries actualized social contradictions and ways for their solving. Works by a French theorist August Comte (1798-1857) are considered a reply to that interest in learning a social world. A. Comte gave birth to a new science under the name of sociology. The word “sociology” was derived from Latin societa (общество) + Greek logos so sociology can be interpreted as science of society.
Sociology is a social, or behavioural, science and it exposes specificity of learning various social phenomena. First of all, human behaviour in a modern society is mediated by numerous factors the variety of which is caused by diversity of social life. While learning human behaviour, sociologists take into consideration not only knowledge of the individuals’ activities in a group, social institution or society. They also take into consideration scientific facts which determine influence of the personality’s psychology on its actions. Besides, sociologists operate in everyday life when every person can observe and estimate social facts from his own viewpoint of knowledge and experience.
No doubt, these circumstances lead to making structure of sociological knowledge more complicated, on the one hand, and require constant perfecting of methods to get such knowledge, on the other hand. Due to it, understanding of how scientific knowledge of a modern society is formed is becoming more and more significant nowadays. And sociology studies all these things, too.
Thus, sociology is a branch of science learning human behaviour, its aim is to expose relationships of cause and effect arisen in the process of social relations between people, in the process of interactions and intercommunications between individuals and groups. It includes learning traditions, structures and institutions that emerge as a result of interactions of forces that unite, weaken or separate such structures and institutions. It also includes learning influences on human’s behaviour and character caused by his membership in groups and organizations.
Taking all these arguments into consideration sociology can also be defined as a science about
- the society as an integral social organism;
- social communities and interrelations between them;
- social organization and social processes;
- laws of human’s social behaviour.
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